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When was it built?
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1． 學(xué)習(xí)一些公共場(chǎng)所的標(biāo)志和說(shuō)明，要能正確理解，規(guī)范自己的行為。
2． 掌握本單元的詞匯，特別是一些短語(yǔ)的用法。
3． 進(jìn)一步復(fù)習(xí)一些電話(huà)用語(yǔ)和電話(huà)對(duì)話(huà)中時(shí)態(tài)的綜合運(yùn)用。
4． 進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，特別是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，它的肯定式、否定式、疑問(wèn)式及其答語(yǔ)等。
5． 認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)"A visit to the Natural Museum"，掌握一些有關(guān)dinosaur的常識(shí)，豐富自己的背景知識(shí)。
6． 能運(yùn)用所學(xué)句型及語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)談?wù)撃承┪锲返闹谱�、產(chǎn)地和作用以及制成材料的日常用語(yǔ)。
教學(xué)建議
教材內(nèi)容分析
本單元主要圍繞學(xué)習(xí)方向和常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志語(yǔ)，以及對(duì)話(huà)（打電話(huà)）的方式學(xué)習(xí)了“詢(xún)問(wèn)……”的表達(dá)法，學(xué)習(xí)了一些地點(diǎn)、建筑物和機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱(chēng)，學(xué)習(xí)了一些常用的詞、短語(yǔ)和句型，通過(guò)對(duì)話(huà)的方式學(xué)會(huì)如何談?wù)撜蛊贰Ｍㄟ^(guò)課文“A visit to the Natural History Museum”， 很自然地引出了一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。講述了一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成，它的肯定、否定和疑問(wèn)句式及其簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)。通過(guò)本單元的學(xué)習(xí)，我們要掌握一些有關(guān)dinosaurs的常識(shí)，來(lái)豐富自己的一些短語(yǔ)和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。
本單元的短語(yǔ)和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)
(一) 短語(yǔ)與詞組
1. in town 在城里
2. on show 陳列，展出
3. hundreds of 成百上千的
4. the way to 到……的路
5. on display 展出，陳列
6. a visit to… 一次去……的參觀
7. be interested in 對(duì)……感興趣
8. a group of 一群，一組，一對(duì)
9. in the 1920s 在二十世紀(jì)二十年代
10. long long ago 很久以前
11. long before 遠(yuǎn)在……以前
12. That’s a pity 很遺憾
13. on the earth 在地球上
14. be covered with 用……覆蓋
15. the feathered dinosaurs 長(zhǎng)有羽毛的恐龍
16. In the future 在將來(lái)
17. be founded （被）成立
18. where else 別的什么地方
19. look up 查閱（單詞……）
20. No smoking. 禁止吸煙。
21. No parking. 禁止停車(chē)
22. This side up 此面朝上
23. business hours 營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間
24. No photos 禁止拍照
（二）常用的英語(yǔ)標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)。注意，標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)一般采用大寫(xiě)形式。
CLOSED 打烊 PUSH 推 PULL拉
NO SMOKING 禁止吸煙 NO PARKING 禁止停車(chē)
NO PHOTOS禁止拍照 DANGER危險(xiǎn)
PLAY 播放 STOP 停止 PAUSE 暫停
ON開(kāi) OFF關(guān) BUSINESS HOURS營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間
OFFICE HOURS 辦公時(shí)間 FRAGILE易碎
THIS SIDE UP 此面朝上 ENTRANCE入口處
EXIT出口處 OPEN營(yíng)業(yè)中
（三）日常交際用語(yǔ)
1．電話(huà)用語(yǔ)
This is… speaking 我是……
2． 表示“有……”：
Are there any new inventions?
Is there any…?
3．其他
That’s very interesting. 那非常有趣。
Yes, many more. 是的，有許多。
When was the PLA founded? 中國(guó)人民解放軍什么時(shí)候成立的？ （被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
It’s best to…
Thanks to…
What’s next?
The ground must be just right.
The hole should not be too deep.
教學(xué)建議
本單元重點(diǎn)例句及相關(guān)知識(shí)的講解
1. I saw many old inventions on show.
我看到了許多古老的發(fā)明物在展覽。
on show意思是“陳列，展覽”。on表示“處于某種狀態(tài)中”。show在此作名詞用，與on構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，on + 名詞還有
on duty（值日），
on sale（出售），
on business（出差），
on leave（休假）等。例如：
There are a number of model cars on show in the museum. And some of the old things are on sale now. She went to Beijing on business last week. Her assistant is on leave now. She could show you around next week.
在博物館里有許多模型汽車(chē)展出，現(xiàn)在有些古老的東西正在出售。上周她到北京出差去了，她的助理也正在休假。她下周可以帶你轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)。
2. They were all invented hundreds of years ago.
它們都是幾百年前發(fā)明的。
Hundreds of… 意思是“數(shù)以百計(jì)的，成百上千的”。hundreds, thousand, million等詞與of一起用時(shí)，表示不定量的數(shù)目，必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式，而且前面不能有具體的數(shù)字。例如：
He has received thousands of letters. Hundreds of people are still waiting for him.
他收到了成千上萬(wàn)封信。數(shù)以百計(jì)的人還在等他。
當(dāng)hundred, thousand等用來(lái)表示具體的數(shù)字時(shí)，要用原形，表示“一百/千……”時(shí)其前常有基數(shù)詞或“a”，后面直接跟所修飾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。例如：
three hundred / thousand people / students
三百人/學(xué)生 三千人/學(xué)生
five hundred goats / sheep
五百只山羊/ 綿羊
3. But I don’t know the way to the museum.
但是，我不知道去博物館的路。
the way to… 意思是“去……地方的路“，關(guān)于問(wèn)路的常用句式有：
(1) Could you tell me how I can get to…?
Would you tell me which is the way to…?
Could you tell me how to get to…?
Will you please show me the may to…?
請(qǐng)你告訴我到……怎么走好嗎？
(2) Could you tell me where the school is?
Where is the school, please?
請(qǐng)你告訴我學(xué)校在哪兒？
當(dāng)然問(wèn)路的表示法還有很多，在此不可能全歸納出來(lái)。
4. Have you ever seen dinosaurs on display in museum?
你在博物館里看過(guò)恐龍展覽嗎？
on display意思為“陳列，展出”。這是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。同義詞組是on show。如：
Some of her paintings are on display / on show in the local art galley.
她的一些畫(huà)正在本地的美術(shù)館展出。
The things on show / on display were all a hundred years ago.
展覽的物品都有上百年的歷史了。
5. There you can see the fossils of many kinds of dinosaurs.
在那里你能看到許多中恐龍的化石。
fossil意思為“化石”，是不可數(shù)名詞；口語(yǔ)中還可指“守舊的人；落伍的人”。例如：
My grandpa doesn’t want to be an old fossil.
我爺爺可不愿做個(gè)落伍的人。
6. These eggs were found in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists in the 1920s.
這些蛋是一群科學(xué)家于二十世紀(jì)二十年代在戈壁大沙漠發(fā)現(xiàn)的。
in the 1920s意思為“在二十世紀(jì)二十年代”。年代的表達(dá)法：在年份前加the，年份后加s。如：in the 1840s在十九世紀(jì)四十年代
7. So these eggs were laid long long ago by dinosaurs.
這些恐龍蛋是很久以前恐龍孵化的。
句中l(wèi)aid是動(dòng)詞lay（產(chǎn)卵）的過(guò)去分詞。
— How many eggs does your hen lay every week?
— Her hen is laying well，about three every week..
— 你的母雞每周產(chǎn)多少顆雞蛋？
— 我的雞正常下蛋，大約每周三個(gè)蛋。
注意區(qū)別以下幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，它們的原形，過(guò)去式，過(guò)去分詞及現(xiàn)在分詞。現(xiàn)將這三個(gè)詞的四種形態(tài)列表如下：
原形 現(xiàn)在分詞 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞
lay（擺放；產(chǎn)卵）laying laid laid
lie（躺） lying lay lain
lie（說(shuō)謊） lying lied lied
(1) It’s ten o’clock now. Don’t lie in bed all morning.
都十點(diǎn)鐘了，別一上午都躺在床上。
(2) She is an honest girl. She won’t lie to me. She has never lied to me.
她是個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的姑娘。她不會(huì)說(shuō)謊的。她對(duì)我從來(lái)都沒(méi)撒過(guò)謊。
8. That means dinosaurs lived long before human beings appeared!
那就是說(shuō)恐龍?jiān)谌祟?lèi)出現(xiàn)之前就存在了。
appear不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“出現(xiàn)”，反義詞是：disappear意思為“消失”。它們的名詞形式分別是appearance和disappearance。如：
When we reached the top of the hill, the town appeared below us.
當(dāng)我們到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，市鎮(zhèn)就呈現(xiàn)在我們腳下。
Dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. Scientists try to explain their disappearance.
恐龍大約在六千五百萬(wàn)年前就消失了。科學(xué)家試著解釋它們消失的原因。
9. I say it is special because the dinosaur was covered with feathers!
我說(shuō)它特別，是因?yàn)榭铸埳砩祥L(zhǎng)有羽毛。
be covered with在句中意為“被……覆蓋”，有時(shí)還用be covered by。例如：
The road was covered with yellow leaves. The fields were covered by flood. The ground was covered with the white snow.
道路曾被黃葉蓋住了。洪水曾淹沒(méi)了田地。大地曾覆蓋著白雪。
另外，cover… with…為主動(dòng)形式，意思為“用……覆蓋”。例如：
The beautiful girl often covers her face with her hands.
那美麗的姑娘經(jīng)常用手捂著臉。
10. It was founded on October 1, 1949.
它是1949年報(bào)0月成立的。
found vt.創(chuàng)立，創(chuàng)辦，它與find的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞相同，注意在句中的區(qū)別。found的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是在其后加-ed，即：
find（尋找） found found
found（成立，建立） founded founded
例如：
Mr. Wang is going to found a new factory near our factory. He was very busy this morning. His lost coat was found under the bed at last.
王先生準(zhǔn)備在我們工廠附近創(chuàng)辦一家新工廠。今天早上他很忙，他丟失的上衣終于在床下找到了。
11. It’s interesting, isn’t it?
它有趣，是嗎？
interesting和interested都來(lái)源于名詞interest，interesting可作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)常指物；interested作表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)常指人，常構(gòu)成be (become) interested in… 對(duì)……感興趣。類(lèi)似的詞還有surprising和surprised。
surprising和surprised都是由surprise變換而來(lái)的，前者有主動(dòng)含義，后者有被動(dòng)含義，surprising的主語(yǔ)通常是物，而surprised的主語(yǔ)通常是人。Be surprised at + n. (v. + ing) 對(duì)……感到驚訝，be surprised后還可接不定式和that引導(dǎo)的從句。例如：
(1) The news from the girl is very surprising. She said that dull film was interesting.
從那個(gè)女孩那兒得來(lái)的消息非常令人吃驚。她說(shuō)那個(gè)無(wú)聊的電影很有趣。
(2) The students were very interested in dinosaurs when they visited the museum. They were surprised at seeing the teacher in front of them. Do you know why they surprised to meet their teacher in the museum?
學(xué)生們?cè)趨⒂^博物館時(shí)對(duì)恐龍很感興趣。他們很驚訝地看見(jiàn)老師就在他們前面。你知道在參觀博物館時(shí)，為什么他們對(duì)遇見(jiàn)老師感到很驚訝嗎？
12. When the bowl was filled with hot water, the wine would get warm.
當(dāng)碗里裝滿(mǎn)了熱水，酒就會(huì)變熱。
Be filled with （某物）被裝滿(mǎn)……，
其主動(dòng)式為fill… with… 把……裝滿(mǎn)……。例如：
When the room was filled with the smoke, we were filling the hole. The hole was filled with sand at last.
房間里彌漫著煙霧時(shí)，我們正用填洞。最終這個(gè)洞被沙填上了。
另外，類(lèi)似的短語(yǔ)錄還有be full of：意思是“充滿(mǎn)……”表示狀態(tài)。
The bottle is full of milk.
這個(gè)瓶裝滿(mǎn)了牛奶。
The garden is full of sheep.
園子里到處是羊。
13. Have you used / worn it a lot?
你經(jīng)常用 / 穿嗎？
這里的a lot相當(dāng)于often，表示經(jīng)常，在句中做狀語(yǔ)錄。另外，a lot常單獨(dú)使用，成為句子的一個(gè)成分，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，意思是“很多，非�！薄＠纾�
(1) Thanks a lot (= very much)!（作狀語(yǔ)）
多謝！
(2) We can learn a lot (= much) from the workers.
�。ㄗ髻e語(yǔ)）我們能從工人們那里學(xué)到很多東西。
(3) A lot (= much) has been done about the thing.
（作主語(yǔ)）關(guān)于這件事已經(jīng)采取了許多措施。
(4) It is a lot (= much) colder today.
（作狀語(yǔ)）今天冷多了。
教學(xué)建議
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
本單元繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，我們已知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由be + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。當(dāng)不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由is (am, are) + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，那么一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)太就是was (were) 后加not。它的疑問(wèn)形式一般是將was (were) 放在主語(yǔ)前。
構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
例如：The teaching building was built six years ago.
這座教學(xué)樓是八年前建的。
肯定句：The window was broken last night.
昨晚玻璃被打碎了。
否定句：The machine wasn’t used for cutting two years ago.
這機(jī)器兩年前不是用來(lái)切東西的。
The paintings weren’t finished last year.
這些油畫(huà)不是去年完成的。
一般疑問(wèn)句：
Were the textbooks written in English in 1982?
這教材是在982年寫(xiě)的嗎？
Yes, the were. / No, they weren’t.
是，是在1982年寫(xiě)的。/ 不，它們不是在1982年寫(xiě)的。
Was your school built in 1978?
你們學(xué)校是建于1978年嗎？
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.
是，它是1978年建的。/ 不，它不是1978年建的。
特殊疑問(wèn)句：
When was this club founded?
俱樂(lè)部是什么時(shí)候成立的？
Where were those buses made?
這些汽車(chē)是在哪兒制造的？
[例]He saw here come out of the library.（改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
誤：She was seen come out of the library.
正：She was seen to come out of the library.
解析：凡主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中有省去不定式符號(hào)to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，必須將不定式符號(hào)to加上，此時(shí)的不定式事實(shí)上是主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)了。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的語(yǔ)法計(jì)時(shí)解
上一講我們學(xué)了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)概念、極成及其用法等。大家知道被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)是“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+其它”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)都是通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be來(lái)體現(xiàn)的，即be是什么時(shí)態(tài)，該被動(dòng)句就是什么時(shí)態(tài)。以動(dòng)詞do為例，就幾種常見(jiàn)的時(shí)候列表如下：
時(shí)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)
is / am / are don
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)
was / were done
一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)
will be done
本期我們將學(xué)習(xí)更多時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
1．構(gòu)成
由上表可知被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般過(guò)去式是was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞（代詞）時(shí)，be用was；當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)名詞（代詞）時(shí)，be用were。
2．用法
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要指在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
All these things were bought by my mother yesterday.
所有這些東西都是我母親昨天買(mǎi)的。
This kind of cup was used for drinking tea three hundred years ago.
三百年前這種茶杯是用來(lái)喝茶的。
主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的特例
同學(xué)們都知道，只有帶及物動(dòng)詞的句子才能由主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但不是所有帶賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞都可以變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，請(qǐng)看下面幾種不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況：
1．賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞時(shí)。如：
He taught himself English.
不能變成：Himself was taught by him.
2．賓語(yǔ)是相互代詞時(shí)。如：
They help each other. 不能變成：Each other is helped by them.
3．賓語(yǔ)為同源賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：
The Chinese people live a happy life. 不能變成：
A happy life is lived by the Chinese people.
4．賓語(yǔ)是不可分割的詞組或短語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：
Li Lei often keeps his word. 不能變成：His word is often kept by Li Lei.
5．賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞ing形式時(shí)。
We like singing. 一般不能變成：Singing is liked by us.
6．賓語(yǔ)起狀語(yǔ)作用時(shí)。如：
She got to the school gate at 8. 不能變成：
The school gate was got to at 8 by her.
7．賓語(yǔ)是“身體的某一部分”或“感官”時(shí)。如：
We believe our eyes. 一般不能變成：
Our eyes are believed by us.
8．賓語(yǔ)是表示“某組織”的名詞時(shí)。如：
He joined the League in 1999. 不能變成：
The League was joined by him in 1999.
有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的教學(xué)建議
在教學(xué)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)教師應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮到這個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目對(duì)于初中學(xué)生而言是一個(gè)較難的知識(shí)點(diǎn)。教師應(yīng)當(dāng)有一定的思想準(zhǔn)備。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)一系列的語(yǔ)言素材進(jìn)行機(jī)械操練，達(dá)到熟能生巧的效果。要求學(xué)生將教師所提供的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句，反應(yīng)要快，越快越好。如可以設(shè)計(jì)以下的訓(xùn)練模式：
T:I planted some trees yesterday.
S: Some trees were planted yesterday.
T: Some students cleaned the classroom yesterday.
S: The classroom was cleaned yesterday.
T: He washed some clothes last night.
S: Some clothes were washed last night.
教學(xué)建議
本單元關(guān)于聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)的教學(xué)建議
★關(guān)于聽(tīng)力方面的練習(xí)：
對(duì)于短文的聽(tīng)力一直是困繞初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，對(duì)于情景性較強(qiáng)的對(duì)話(huà)的聽(tīng)力教師教起來(lái)比較輕松，學(xué)生練起來(lái)也比較容易。而對(duì)于長(zhǎng)文章的聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練則顯得有些力不從心。但是這正是我們教學(xué)中要解決的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的對(duì)于短文的聽(tīng)力時(shí)，首先要告訴學(xué)生一些聽(tīng)短文的基本要領(lǐng)。如：
1. 要首先抓住文章的大意，抓住文章的主旨；
2. 在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中一定要一句一句地聽(tīng)，而不要一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞地聽(tīng)；
3. 遇到有聽(tīng)不懂的句子時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要著急，耐心地往后聽(tīng)，這樣會(huì)解決一些聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中的個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)障礙的問(wèn)題；
4. 聽(tīng)完以后可以嘗試著進(jìn)行一些復(fù)述練習(xí)，以鞏固和強(qiáng)化聽(tīng)的效果。
在本單元中可以利用第38課這篇課文作為練習(xí)的材料。在進(jìn)行聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練之前，教師可以介紹一下與課文有關(guān)的背景知識(shí)，這樣更有利于加強(qiáng)聽(tīng)力練習(xí)的實(shí)效性。
★關(guān)于口語(yǔ)方面的練習(xí)：
本單元中有兩處較長(zhǎng)的對(duì)話(huà)，37課和第40課。這兩課教師應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用作為口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練的直接材料。教師在上口語(yǔ)課時(shí)，不應(yīng)拘泥于課文本身所提供的語(yǔ)言素材。教材所提供的語(yǔ)言素材只是學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握的知識(shí)起點(diǎn)，而遠(yuǎn)非終點(diǎn)。所以教師在輔導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)練習(xí)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生大膽地就課文材料在進(jìn)行機(jī)械操練的基礎(chǔ)之上，進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。
★ 關(guān)于讀寫(xiě)方面的練習(xí)：
本單元的閱讀材料是一篇記敘文，其中貫穿著語(yǔ)法教學(xué)。第38課練習(xí)l可幫助學(xué)生對(duì)整篇文章有個(gè)完整的印象，并可借助回答這些問(wèn)題來(lái)復(fù)述課文。在學(xué)生理解的基礎(chǔ)上，教師幫助學(xué)生分析課文的寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)，使學(xué)生對(duì)一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在什么情況下使用有初步的認(rèn)識(shí)，并為第40課的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)做好鋪墊。
第40課有一個(gè)要求學(xué)生仿照范例寫(xiě)一篇短文的練習(xí)。在寫(xiě)的練習(xí)前，特意設(shè)計(jì)了Ask and answer 的練習(xí)。練習(xí)中的8個(gè)問(wèn)題存在著內(nèi)容上的聯(lián)系，含有“信息溝”，學(xué)生們通過(guò)問(wèn)答來(lái)獲取完成筆頭練習(xí)所必需的信息。因?yàn)楣P頭練習(xí)的內(nèi)容和所需運(yùn)用的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)都與本單元前幾課緊密相關(guān)。所以在充分學(xué)好前幾課的基礎(chǔ)下寫(xiě)好這篇短文并不困難。
教師在呈現(xiàn)這8個(gè)問(wèn)題時(shí)，可使用投影片。教師說(shuō)物品的名詞，如：a watch，然后要求學(xué)生回答問(wèn)題。每次呈現(xiàn)投影片中的l道問(wèn)題，遮住其他問(wèn)題。學(xué)生先口頭回答1-2組問(wèn)題，并分別將這些問(wèn)題的回答口頭串成一篇短文。教師可提供一些詞語(yǔ)，如： metal, glass, cotton, street marker, shop等。在學(xué)生口頭練習(xí)基本熟練的情況下，再要求他們筆頭完成課堂
練習(xí)。教師亦可將范文作為聽(tīng)寫(xiě)練習(xí)的材料。在課本提供的8個(gè)物品名詞中，必會(huì)詞為：watch, radio, computer其余可作為學(xué)生了解的詞語(yǔ)。
教學(xué)建議
關(guān)于一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的教學(xué)建議
本單元的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)是一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。第9單元已經(jīng)教學(xué)了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以本單元語(yǔ)法教學(xué)應(yīng)將復(fù)習(xí)與教新課相結(jié)合。
教師先依次出示畫(huà)有cotton, jacket, wool, coats, thermos圖案的卡片，復(fù)習(xí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，引出下列對(duì)話(huà)：
1. T: What's this?
Ss: It's cotton.
T: Where's cotton grown?
Ss: It's grown in....
2. T: Is this a jacket?
Ss: Yes, it is.
T: What's it made of?
Ss: I think it's made of cotton.
3. T: What's this?
Ss: It's wool.
T: Where's it produced?
Ss: It's produced in/at . . ..
T: What's (the) wool used for?
Ss: It's used for making sweaters or coats.
T: Look at these coats. They're made of wool.
4. T: What's this?
Ss: It’s thermos.
T: What's it made of?
Ss: The inside is made of glass and the outside is made of metal.（教師給予適當(dāng)?shù)奶崾荆?/p>
T: What's it used for?
Ss: It's used for keeping water hot.
為了降低難度，第4段對(duì)話(huà)也可先讓學(xué)生仿照前三段對(duì)話(huà)來(lái)提問(wèn)，教師來(lái)回答。然后交換。還可以在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間讓學(xué)生做group 或pair的連鎖問(wèn)答。
然后教師讓學(xué)生閱讀第38課。在閱讀前，設(shè)置一些問(wèn)題，使學(xué)生們帶著問(wèn)題有目的地進(jìn)行快速閱讀。
T: Now we are going to read a passage about a group of girls visiting a museum. After reading, you'll have to tell me what the girls saw in the museum?
閱讀完畢，教師將有關(guān)問(wèn)題和學(xué)生們的回答板書(shū)在黑板上，一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中was和were要彩筆標(biāo)出。然后進(jìn)行問(wèn)答練習(xí)。
學(xué)生再次閱讀第66課，要求他們找出上面對(duì)話(huà)練習(xí)中未涉及到的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子。如：
They were very interested in dinosaurs.
So these eggs were laid long long ago by dinosaurs!
It was discovered in Liaoning Province.
教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析課文中哪些句子可改寫(xiě)成一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：
Miss Li showed them a picture of the feathered dinosaur. →
They were showed a picture of the feathered dinosaur by Miss Li.
A picture of the feathered dinosaur was showed to them by Miss Li.
教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)示例
Lesson 37
Period: The First Period
Content: Lesson 37
Properties: Recorder
Teaching Objectives:
1. Study the grammar: the Passive Voice in the past Simple Tense.
2. Learn some new words and useful expressions.
Language Focus:on show, hundreds of, invent / invention
Teaching Procedures:
�、�. Organizing
Greetings and make a duty report.
Ⅱ. Revision
1. check the homework.
2. Revise the name of objects from the last unit and the Passive Voice: What's it made of? Where's it made? What's it used for? etc.
�、�. Presentation
Present the sentences:
What's it made of?
What's it used for?
Then present the sentences:
What was it made of?
What was it used for?
Ask students to compare with the groups sentences.
�、�. Listening.
Part 1. Close books, listen to the tape and answer the questions.
Where did Du Hui go yesterday?
When were the old inventions on show invented?
Play the tape again and make sure students can answer the questions correctly.
�、�. Practice
Ask some students to practice the dialogue.
Then in groups and in pairs. At last let the students act it out.
Ⅵ. Ask and answer
Part 2. Ask the students to ask and answer in pairs according to the questions in the box.
�、�. Practice
Ask students to make sentences, and then change them into the Passive Voice in the past Simple Tense.
�、�. Workbook
Do Exercise 1.
Ask the students to read and complete the dialogue alone, then check the answers with the whole class.
Do Exercise 2 in pairs.
Ⅸ. Exercises in class.
Complete the dialogues
Kate: Hello, Mary! This is Kate ________.
Mary: ________ Kate.
Kate: I ________ you yesterday, but you weren't ________.
Mary: Oh, ________. I went to the Museum.
Kate: Is it interesting?
Mary: Yes, I saw many things ________ show. They were all ________ hundreds of years ________.
Kate: Are there any new ________?
Mary: Yes. Why not go there and have ________?
Kate: That's a good idea.
Ⅹ. Homework
Do Exercise 3 in the exercise books.
Make up a new dialogue.
探究活動(dòng)
解讀標(biāo)志語(yǔ)
設(shè)計(jì)一次家庭作業(yè)，讓學(xué)生去商店，旅店，街道上收集各種有關(guān)英文標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)，回到班級(jí)后進(jìn)行交流以拓展知識(shí)面。在總結(jié)時(shí)，出示各種標(biāo)志圖或列出數(shù)個(gè)標(biāo)志語(yǔ)，讓學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋每個(gè)標(biāo)志的意思，以及用于何種場(chǎng)所、何種時(shí)間等。
EXIT 出口 ENIRANCE入口 CLOSED停止 OPEN營(yíng)業(yè) PULL拉 PUSH推 UPSTAIRS請(qǐng)上樓 DANGER危險(xiǎn) FULL客滿(mǎn) POISON有毒 OCCUPIED（廁所）有人
NO SMOKING請(qǐng)勿吸煙 NO SPITTING不準(zhǔn)隨地吐痰
NO PARKING HERE 此禁止停車(chē) NO LITTERING不準(zhǔn)亂扔果皮紙屑
NO DUMPING不準(zhǔn)倒垃圾 NO VISITORS 游人止步
NO PHOTOS 不準(zhǔn)拍照 NO FISHING禁止垂釣
NO SWIMMING禁水游泳 NO HANDLE 請(qǐng)勿用手
查找和整理資料
鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生查找一些與恐龍有關(guān)的背景資料，然后進(jìn)行整理，之后在小組之間進(jìn)行交流。
Dinosaur Era (時(shí)代)
We know that prehistoric (史前的) animals once lived on Earth because of their fossils. Fossils are the remains of animals and plants（1） that lived millions of years ago. The largest known dinosaur is the largest land animal that has ever been found. Its name is Seismosaurus（地震龍）, and from its head to the end of its tail (2), it measured 120-150 feet. Seismosaurus was a plant eater and would not have been dangerous –unless it stepped on （3）you, for it weighed about 10 tons. Dinosaurs were reptiles (爬行動(dòng)物), but very different from today’s reptiles. Many were giant-sized, and armed with ferocious（兇惡的） teeth and savage horns. Above them, great pterosaurs（翼龍） swooped（4）through the air on leathery（5）wings. The dinosaurs and pterosaurs ruled the Earth from about 200 million years ago until they died out about 65 million years ago. Many dinosaurs, including the biggest of all, Diplodocus（梁龍）, lived only plants. Others were flesh eaters and hunted the plant-eating dinosaurs.
注釋?zhuān)?/p>
（1）the remains of animals and plants 動(dòng)植物死后遺留下來(lái)的東西
�。�2）from its head to the end of its tail 從頭到尾
�。�3）step on… 踩……
�。�4）swoop/swu:p/ v.飛撲，猛撲
�。�5）leathery adj. 堅(jiān)韌的
博物館觀后感
為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生愛(ài)國(guó)主義情懷，激勵(lì)他們振奮、向上，并為作為中國(guó)人而自豪。組織學(xué)生參觀故宮博物院或其他博物館，選擇有代表性的展品，向他們展示古中國(guó)的先進(jìn)科技和古中國(guó)人的高超技藝，使他們理解古中國(guó)在世界的地位。令他們?cè)趨⒂^中受到教育和啟迪，增強(qiáng)愛(ài)國(guó)主義的思想感情，為中華民族的振興而努力學(xué)習(xí)、勤奮工作。參觀后寫(xiě)一篇日記作為觀后感。
[注意]
1. 英文日記的格式：日記一般沒(méi)有標(biāo)題，也無(wú)需落款。通常在左上角，寫(xiě)出日期和星期，星期在前，日期在后。日期的順序常為：月、日、年。也可以在右上角，寫(xiě)出天氣。
2. 敘事為主的日記必須從表達(dá)中心思想的需要出發(fā)，講清事情，使讀者明白所講的是什么樣的人，怎樣的事。同時(shí)注意把必要的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)交代明白。事情總是隨著時(shí)間的進(jìn)程發(fā)展變化的，所以記事常常按照事情發(fā)生、發(fā)展和結(jié)局的時(shí)間順序來(lái)寫(xiě)。有的事應(yīng)該詳寫(xiě)，有的可以略寫(xiě)；有的適宜直接述說(shuō)，有的可以借人物對(duì)話(huà)來(lái)反映，這些都從表達(dá)中心的需要和效果來(lái)考慮。整篇文章要寫(xiě)得完整、清晰、有條理，使讀者讀后留下深刻的印象。敘述事件的語(yǔ)言要生動(dòng)、形象。語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格也可以風(fēng)趣、幽默，也可輔之以表達(dá)作者的感情和態(tài)度。
3. 記事的記敘文一般都用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗鼣⑹龅亩际前l(fā)生過(guò)的事，但根據(jù)需要部分內(nèi)容也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；在人稱(chēng)使用上，本人的經(jīng)歷或耳聞目睹的事件用第一人稱(chēng)；表示他人的經(jīng)歷和事件用第三人稱(chēng)。
[范文]
Saturday May 12 sunny
Our class visited the Palace Museum in Beijing today. It took us an hour to get there by bus. All of us were very excited.
After we put on specially-made shoes, we orderly walked into the entrance and watched the things on show carefully. Some of them were hundreds of years old, and they looked beautiful. For example, a real queen’s hat. It was made of gold and pearls. It was one of the most important relics and it was priceless. The gold string and pearls shone so brightly by the light that many students stopped to have a look at it. We were deeply moved by the ancient Chinese people. How clever they were!
One of us was too excited to control her feeling. She asked the girl working there if she could try it on. It made us laugh a lot and her face turned red. How funny it was!
What else impressed me was a blanket made of trunks. It was a tribute from India to China. You know there were elephants living there and the Indian King wanted to express his respect and thanks to our country. It was so thin that it looked transparent and must be comfortable to sit or sleep on it during the hottest season.
The high walls stood for the power, respect, wealth and secret. There were many interesting and instructive stories to tell. From these things and facts, we could know that how strong and big Old China was and we really feel proud as Chinese and we will try our best to build our country and make it more beautiful and stronger.
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